Shrubs, trees and climbers

Euonymus

EuonymusCelastraceae
Also: Spindle, Evergreen euonymus, Burning bush, Deciduous euonymus
Evergreen euonymus

Evergreen euonymus

Plant in good light so the variegation develops properly, and check for reverted green shoots from the first season onwards.

Full sun Water: little H5down to −15 °C 60 cm–1.5 m tall · 60 cm–1.5 m wide In a pot: yes
Flowering · UK
Flowering · Northern Italy
Flowering · Central Italy
Flowering · Southern Italy and islands

Care

Light

Sun to part shade — the gold and silver variegations hold their colour best in good light and go green in deep shade.

Water

Low — drought-tolerant once established; water only in the first year and in prolonged dry spells.

Soil

Any reasonable, well-drained soil, including chalk and poor ground. It is one of the most tolerant evergreens available.

Pruning

Trim to shape in late spring, after the frosts. Cut out any all-green shoots as soon as you see them: reverted growth is more vigorous than the variegated growth and will take the plant over if left.

Feeding

A general feed over a mulch in spring on poor soil, and nothing on decent ground. In a container a slow-release feed at the start of the season keeps the variegation bright.

Propagation

Semi-ripe cuttings in late summer root very readily in gritty compost — this is one of the easiest shrubs in the garden to strike. The low, spreading forms also layer themselves where the branches touch soil.

Month by month

Months change with the climate: in southern Italy tomatoes go out two months earlier than in England.

  1. MayTrim to shape once the frosts have passed. how ›
  2. JuneCut out any plain green reverted shoots at their point of origin.
  3. JulyCheck for scale insects and for vine weevil notching on the leaf edges.

Months based on climate: UK. Your choice stays on this device.

  1. MayTrim to shape once the frosts have passed. how ›
  2. JuneCut out any plain green reverted shoots at their point of origin.
  3. JulyCheck for scale insects and for vine weevil notching on the leaf edges.

Months based on climate: Northern Italy. Your choice stays on this device.

  1. AprilTrim to shape once the frosts have passed. how ›
  2. JuneCut out any plain green reverted shoots at their point of origin.
  3. JulyCheck for scale insects and for vine weevil notching on the leaf edges.

Months based on climate: Central Italy. Your choice stays on this device.

  1. AprilTrim to shape once the frosts have passed. how ›
  2. JuneCut out any plain green reverted shoots at their point of origin.
  3. JulyCheck for scale insects and for vine weevil notching on the leaf edges.

Months based on climate: Southern Italy and islands. Your choice stays on this device.

Common problems

Reversion to plain green

How to spot it. Vigorous all-green shoots appearing in a variegated plant.

What to do. Cut them out at the base as soon as they appear, or they will dominate the whole shrub.

Powdery mildewfull sheet ›

How to spot it. White coating on the leaves in a dry, crowded position.

What to do. Improve airflow and water in prolonged drought.

Scale insectsfull sheet ›

How to spot it. Brown or white scales along the stems and leaf undersides.

What to do. Remove by hand on a small plant and encourage predators; a badly infested shrub is best pruned hard.

Burning bushDeciduous euonymus

Burning bush

Give it full sun and room to spread, and remember the berries are poisonous to people — worth knowing before planting it beside a play area.

Full sun Water: little H6down to −20 °C 1.5–3 m tall · 1.5–3 m wide In a pot: no
Flowering · UK
Flowering · Northern Italy
Flowering · Central Italy
Flowering · Southern Italy and islands

Care

Light

Full sun to part shade — autumn colour is markedly better in sun.

Water

Low — fully drought-tolerant once established.

Soil

Any well-drained soil; it is particularly good on chalk, where the native spindle grows wild.

Pruning

Prune in late winter while dormant, only to thin or shape — it flowers and fruits on older wood, so hard annual pruning removes the berries that are half the point.

Feeding

Needs no feeding on any reasonable soil; a mulch in spring is enough. Feeding produces leafy growth at the expense of the autumn colour and the fruit.

Propagation

Hardwood cuttings after leaf fall, or lift a rooted sucker from the base in the dormant season. Seed sown fresh in autumn also works, but germination is slow and erratic.

Month by month

Months change with the climate: in southern Italy tomatoes go out two months earlier than in England.

  1. FebruaryThin or shape while dormant, keeping older fruiting wood. how ›
  2. JuneWatch for blackfly and for spindle ermine moth, whose caterpillars can web and strip a whole plant.
  3. OctoberEnjoy the autumn colour and fruit; leave the berries for the birds.

Months based on climate: UK. Your choice stays on this device.

  1. FebruaryThin or shape while dormant, keeping older fruiting wood. how ›
  2. JuneWatch for blackfly and for spindle ermine moth, whose caterpillars can web and strip a whole plant.
  3. OctoberEnjoy the autumn colour and fruit; leave the berries for the birds.

Months based on climate: Northern Italy. Your choice stays on this device.

  1. JanuaryThin or shape while dormant, keeping older fruiting wood. how ›
  2. JuneWatch for blackfly and for spindle ermine moth, whose caterpillars can web and strip a whole plant.
  3. OctoberEnjoy the autumn colour and fruit; leave the berries for the birds.

Months based on climate: Central Italy. Your choice stays on this device.

  1. JanuaryThin or shape while dormant, keeping older fruiting wood. how ›
  2. JuneWatch for blackfly and for spindle ermine moth, whose caterpillars can web and strip a whole plant.
  3. NovemberEnjoy the autumn colour and fruit; leave the berries for the birds.

Months based on climate: Southern Italy and islands. Your choice stays on this device.

Common problems

Spindle ermine moth

How to spot it. Fine white webbing over branches, leaves stripped in early summer.

What to do. Alarming but rarely fatal — the plant refoliates; cut out and destroy the worst webbing.

Blackfly

How to spot it. Dense colonies on the young shoots in spring.

What to do. Encourage predators; the plant is a known host and usually outgrows the damage.

Poor autumn colour

How to spot it. Dull leaves that fall green.

What to do. Usually too much shade or too rich a soil — move into full sun and stop feeding.

Popular varieties

Euonymus ‘Compactus’AGM1.5–2 m × 1.5–2 m · May–JuneMay–JuneApril–MayApril–May · Burning bush
Euonymus ‘Emerald 'n' Gold’AGM60–90 cm × 90 cm–1.2 m · May–JuneMay–JuneApril–MayApril–May · Evergreen euonymus
Euonymus ‘Emerald Gaiety’AGM60 cm–1 m × 1–1.5 m · May–JuneMay–JuneApril–MayApril–May · Evergreen euonymus
Euonymus ‘Red Cascade’AGM2.5–3 m × 2–2.5 m · May–JuneMay–JuneApril–MayApril–May · Burning bush

Questions

Euonymus: is it hardy?

Evergreen euonymus: H5: Hardy in most of the UK, but can struggle in the coldest inland or upland spots. It survives down to −15 °C. Burning bush: H6: Hardy in the vast majority of UK gardens. It survives down to −20 °C.

Can it grow in a pot?

Evergreen euonymus: Yes — one of the best evergreen container shrubs, particularly the compact variegated forms. Burning bush: Not really — it needs room to develop the shape and the autumn display that make it worth growing.

Euonymus: when do you prune it?

Evergreen euonymus: Trim to shape in late spring, after the frosts. In the calendar for UK, pruning falls in May. Burning bush: Prune in late winter while dormant, only to thin or shape — it flowers and fruits on older wood, so hard annual pruning removes the berries that are half the point. In the calendar for UK, pruning falls in February.

Euonymus: when does it flower?

In the climate of UK it flowers in May–June.

When do you feed it?

Evergreen euonymus: A general feed over a mulch in spring on poor soil, and nothing on decent ground. In a container a slow-release feed at the start of the season keeps the variegation bright. Feeding months, UK: April. Burning bush: Needs no feeding on any reasonable soil; a mulch in spring is enough. Feeding produces leafy growth at the expense of the autumn colour and the fruit.